Insights & Research
Expert perspectives on EPR, PPWR, recyclability, and the future of sustainable packaging.

The compliance dashboard, completeness check, reporting pipeline, and regulatory tracking, all built around one idea: data you can trust.
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"Fully recyclable" fails on one pump.
Your co-packer usually won't file your EPR report, but in the UK it might.
An artwork approval that approved nothing, rewound ninety days.
Most operating plans carry one EPR fee figure with no range and no source.
A federal court upheld Oregon's Recycling Modernization Act on 27 August 2026, rejecting the claims behind the preliminary injunction.
PackUK published RAM 2027 on 1 July 2026.
A one page sustainability statement is not evidence.
Maryland's SB 901 packaging EPR registration and simplified reporting were due May 31, 2026, with CAA's producer list to MDE by July 1, 2026.
A supplier lightweighted a bottle by two grams.
The EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation applies from 12 August 2026.
Under PPWR the manufacturer is normally the brand owner, not the converter.
Registration is the gateway to Extended Producer Responsibility compliance, and missing it is one of the most common ways brands fall out of compliance before they have...
The first Extended Producer Responsibility report is the one that intimidates teams the most.
Private label and store brand products create one of the most common points of confusion in packaging EPR: when a retailer sells a product under its own brand but a...
For brands expanding across North America, packaging Extended Producer Responsibility looks deceptively similar on both sides of the border, but the maturity, structure...
A frequent question from finance and packaging teams once an EPR program goes live: who actually pays the fee, the producer, the retailer, or the shopper at the shelf?
Packaging EPR penalties stack quickly across SKUs and reporting periods, and the triggers are consistent: late filings, inaccurate data, and unsupported claims.
Chemical recycling and mass-balance accounting let producers claim recycled content from advanced recycling, but the rules for what counts and what evidence is needed...
Producers operating across US states, the UK, and the EU face overlapping registration, reporting, and fee deadlines.
Eco-modulation turns packaging design decisions directly into fee outcomes, but the bonuses and penalties differ by jurisdiction.
The EU Digital Product Passport will require structured, machine-readable data about packaging accessible through a data carrier like a QR code.
PPWR restricts PFAS in food-contact packaging above defined thresholds, forcing reformulation across fiber-based and coated formats.
Germany's packaging law requires registration in the LUCID registry before a single unit can be sold, plus system participation and accurate data reporting.
France's AGEC law goes further than most EU packaging rules, with Triman sorting labels, reuse targets, and information requirements that catch brands off guard.
New York's packaging EPR push pairs aggressive packaging reduction targets with recycled-content rules and toxic-substance restrictions.
New Jersey's pending packaging EPR bills would create one of the most aggressive frameworks in the US, with proposed source-reduction and recycled-content mandates that...
Packaging compliance can be run with internal staff, with consultants, with a PRO-managed model, or with a hybrid.
The build-vs-buy decision for packaging compliance is not just spreadsheets vs SaaS.
Most packaging compliance vendor evaluations focus on UI screenshots and AI features.
Compostable and biodegradable packaging is treated very differently across EPR regimes, sometimes as recyclable, sometimes as residual, sometimes as its own category.
When a brand sells through Amazon, Walmart Marketplace, eBay, or similar platforms, the question of who is the producer for EPR purposes is not always the platform.
Most EPR programs exempt or reduce obligations for small producers below specific thresholds.
Corrugated mailers, void fill, and dunnage usually feel like operational expense rather than regulated packaging.
Transport packaging used between businesses is treated differently from packaging that reaches households.
Direct food contact packaging gets treated differently in some EPR/PPWR rules, but not as broadly as producers often assume.
UK PPT, EU PPWR, and US state recycled content mandates each have their own evidence rules.
Reusable transport packaging, pallets, IBCs, returnable totes, crates, does not move through household waste streams.
When a regulator or PRO sends an evidence request, the response window is rarely months.
Compliance data does not stay correct on its own.
Most packaging data systems were designed for procurement, not for compliance.
Country-of-sale and household-vs-non-household status are filing inputs for almost every EPR and PPWR regime.
Pulling packaging data from your ERP for EPR and PPWR reporting does not require a year-long IT project.
By 2026, seven US states have enacted packaging EPR laws, all with confirmed registration and initial reporting deadlines.
A side-by-side comparison of the seven US states with packaging EPR laws across fees, deadlines, covered materials, PROs, and reporting rules.
Annual EPR fee exposure for a multi-state US brand can range from roughly $85,000 to over $13 million.
Producer Responsibility Organizations (PROs) sit at the center of every modern packaging EPR program.
Packaging master data lives in different systems at different companies, and where it lives determines how painful compliance is.
The UK Plastic Packaging Tax applies to plastic packaging containing less than 30% recycled content.
Claiming the 30% recycled content exemption from UK Plastic Packaging Tax is straightforward on paper and audit-prone in practice.
UK packaging EPR base fees are not negotiated, they are calculated.
Under the EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation, every packaging unit will be graded A, B, or C for recyclability.
A US brand does not need a European subsidiary to fall under PPWR.
PPWR's reuse and refill mandates are sector-specific, not a single percentage applied to everything.
California SB 54 is the most ambitious packaging EPR law in the United States.
California SB 54 program status after the November 2025 reporting cycle: confirmed dates, CAA program plan review, and fee milestones through 2027.
The Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation has replaced the Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive.
Seven U.S.
Oregon's Recycling Modernization Act is the first US packaging EPR law to actually start invoicing producers.
Oregon has the longest US EPR invoicing history, and Colorado producer dues also began in January 2026.
Oregon's annual EPR cycle runs from registration through reporting through invoicing through reconciliation.
Circular Action Alliance runs packaging EPR in Colorado, Oregon, Minnesota, and Maryland.
EPR did not just add another compliance checkbox.
California Public Resources Code §42357, as amended by AB 1201 (2021-22), restricts biodegradable, degradable, decomposable, marine degradable, and compostable claims on...
Colorado's Producer Responsibility Program is the next US packaging EPR program coming into force after Oregon.
Some US states allow only one approved PRO.
EPR is reshaping how brands think about packaging, shifting financial responsibility for waste management from municipalities to the producers who create the packaging.
The EU PPWR applies from 12 August 2026 with binding requirements for recyclability, recycled content, empty space limits, and PFAS restrictions.
Seven states have active EPR packaging programs, the EU's PPWR takes effect in August, and the data challenge is where most brands need to focus.
Maine's LD 1541 was the first US packaging EPR law on the books.
Most packaging compliance teams still rely on spreadsheets.
AI is reshaping packaging compliance through material optimization, regulatory monitoring, automated reporting, and carbon calculation.
Maine's LD 1541 fee model is calibrated to municipal reimbursement costs and tiered by recyclability.
Washington's Recycling Reform Act establishes a packaging EPR program with phased obligations through 2030.
Minnesota's Packaging Waste and Cost Reduction Act puts the compliance obligation on a specific party in the supply chain.
Packaging circularity has moved from a 'nice to have' to a board-level mandate, yet most brands are still stuck in pilot purgatory.
The CGF/Bain paper maps 15 AI use cases across the packaging value chain.
70% of interviewees believe AI will help most with design optimization.
Regulations like EPR, PPWR, and AGEC are raising expectations for accurate packaging data and automated reporting.
The old model is officially dead.
When we say 'lab to shelf,' it sounds linear and tidy.
The UK's new Extended Producer Responsibility scheme is reshaping how beauty and personal care brands design, report and pay for packaging placed on the UK market.
RAM converts 'design for recycling' from a qualitative aspiration into a quantified rating that directly influences UK EPR fees for beauty and personal care packaging.
PPT targets recycled content in plastic packaging and sits alongside EPR as a second, distinct cost and design driver that beauty brands must factor into packaging...
Transportation accounts for up to 40% of packaging's total carbon footprint.
PPWR and state laws now mandate minimum recycled content in plastic packaging.
Rising EPR fees and recyclability mandates are making some packaging formats economically unviable.
Understanding recyclability metrics is essential for PPWR and EPR compliance.
Critical compliance deadlines are approaching.
A comprehensive guide to Extended Producer Responsibility laws across US states, from California's SB 54 to Maine's LD 1541 and beyond.
RecyClass certification is becoming the European standard for packaging recyclability claims.
Certain packaging elements pose outsized compliance risks under PPWR and EPR programs.
A systematic approach to achieving packaging compliance across PPWR, EPR, and sustainability requirements.
A comprehensive guide to the EU's Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR), including timelines, recyclability requirements, recycled content mandates, and reuse...
Step-by-step methodology for calculating Scope 1, 2, and 3 packaging emissions using lifecycle assessment, aligned with GHG Protocol.
Comparing the EU's Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation recyclability targets with emerging US state-level requirements.
Why accurate packaging inventory data is the foundation of EPR compliance, and how companies are automating tracking across complex supply chains.
Detailed analysis of EPR fee structures across major EU markets including Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the Netherlands.
The PPWR does not require a packaging Digital Product Passport.
For packaging companies, 60-80% of emissions come from the supply chain.
A side-by-side comparison of the three pioneering US state EPR programs and what multi-state compliance looks like in practice.